Usually, emphasizing the production capacity and controlling the process cost cause the strain unbalanced growth and production, and bearing the multiple stresses from the fermentation microenvironment. At the same time, most researches of the yeast tolerance are based on the laboratory model strain and composition medium, it is difficult to implement industrial applications. Therefore, this article analyzes the current domestic fuel ethanol production status and production process, the fermentation process of stress factors and molecular mechanisms of S. cerevisiae tolerance and transformation methods and other related content, then we put forward the fermentation industry in the future fermentation of microbial tolerance and possible transformation direction.