In recent years, supramolecular polymer adhesives with high adhesion strength have garnered widespread attention in fields such as flexible sensing, biomedicine, and fine chemical engineering due to their advantages of dynamic reversibility, superior interfacial adaptability, high adhesion strength, excellent stability, and strong environmental tolerance. They have become a prominent research focus in materials science. This review summarizes recent research progress on high-strength supramolecular polymer adhesives both domestically and internationally. It details their adhesion mechanisms, provides an in-depth investigation into their action mechanisms and structure-property relationships, and synthesizes the current application status of these adhesives in areas like underwater adhesion and biomedicine. The review aims to lay a more solid theoretical foundation for the design and preparation of adhesive materials, thereby promoting continuous innovation and development of fine chemicals within the chemical engineering sector. Furthermore, it summarizes the existing challenges and outlines future development trends. It is anticipated that future research will develop supramolecular polymer adhesives exhibiting even higher adhesion strength, superior biocompatibility, intelligent responsiveness, and enhanced mechanical strength.