The effect of molecular structure and temperature change on the viscosity of anionic gemini surfactant solution was investigated by rheometer. The microstructure of the solution was studied by scanning electron microscopy . On the mechanism of solution viscosity，the results show that the influence of the hydrophilic head type on the viscosity of the gemini surfactant solution show the same pattern (the carboxylate salt＞sulfonate＞sulfuric acid) .The number of carbon atoms in the interval group is2 and the number of carbon atoms in the hydrophobic chain increased;the viscosity of the carboxylate gemini surfactant solution and sulfonate gemini surfactant solution increased simulataneously . At the same time, the number of carbon atoms in the interval group increased, while the viscosity of the sulfonate gemini surfactant solution increased firstly and then decreased, and the viscosity of the carboxylate gemini surfactant solution decreased, Which DS18-3-18 and DC16-2-16 thickening effect is better. With the temperature increases，the viscosity of DS18-3-18 and DC16-2-16 solution decreased, but the viscosity of DS18-3-18 solution (13.25mPa.s) was still higher than that of DC16-2-16 at 90 ℃. Microstructures show that the number of carbon atoms in the interval group increases (s = 2, 3, 4), and the micelles of DS18-s-18 solution are changed from spherical to flaky to spherical. The number of lamellar micelles or bulk density in the DS18-3-18 solution decreases and there is still a well-connected sheet micelle in the solution and at 90 ℃.So the DS18-3-18 has better temperature and viscosity.