Cellulose membrane was prepared by phase conversion method (L-S method) with cellulose as raw material, sodium hydroxide, urea and thiourea as solvent system, the effects of coagulation bath type, H2SO4 volume percentage, solidification temperature and solidification time on the adsorption capabilities of cellulose membrane for Pb2 were studied; the microstructure of the cellulose membrane was characterized by SEM, FTIR and XRD; the thermal properties of cellulose membrane was analyzed by thermogravimetric analyzer (TG). The results show that coagulation bath is H2SO4, the volume percentage of H2SO4 is 7 %, the solidification temperature is 40 ℃, and the solidification time is 120 min, the adsorption capacity of cellulose membrane to lead ions reach the maximum, which is 343.0 mg/g. The structure of cellulose membrane changes from a closely packed sheet to a three-dimensional network structure, and C=O bond and N—H bond generates in cellulose membrane. Crystal form of part cellulose in the cellulose membrane changes from type I to type II, and the crystallinity decreases; compared with cellulose, the thermal stability of cellulose membrane is improves to some extent.