The nano-graphene oxide (GO) was dispersed into dimethyl sulfoxide by ultrasonic dispersion method, and then mixed with Cotton stalk bast microcrystalline cellulose (MCC) and 1-butyl-3-methylimidazolium chloride (BmimCl) salt solution, and vertically suspended. The alcohol gel spheres were prepared by a drop method, and Cotton stalk bast cellulose/graphene oxide (MCC-GO) aerogel spheres were prepared using a supercritical carbon dioxide drying method. Nano measurer software and SEM, TG, FT-IR equipment were used to characterize the morphology and structure of the material. The results showed that when MCC accounts for 3% of BmimCl mass, the cellulose alcohol gel ball has the best forming effect, and the average particle size is 2.78 mm. As GO mass fraction accounting for MCC increases, the average particle size of the alcohol gel ball did not change significantly, and the uniformity decreased. It decreased from 0.9985 to 0.8897; the average particle size of aerogel ball increased first and then decreased with the increase of GO mass fraction, and the uniformity of particle size decreased. The determination coefficient R2 decreased from 0.9915 to 0.6864, when the GO mass fraction was 6%. The average particle size of MCC-GO aerogel is 1.79 mm and the volume shrinkage is at least 57%. The addition of GO increases the pores inside the aerogel, changes the pore structure, and improves the heat and adsorption of MCC aerogel balls stability.