Geopolymers become a good material for heavy metal pollution treatment, which possess low cost, environmental protection, high compressive strength, acid resistance and high temperature resistance. First, the types of geopolymers, preparation methods, and alkaline activation mechanisms are introduced. Next, the interaction mechanism between geopolymers and heavy metals is described. Then, the important factors that affect the geopolymers on the treatment of heavy metal ions are introduced, such as geopolymers, heavy metal species and reaction conditions. Finally, the problems of geopolymers in the treatment of heavy metals are analyzed and development prospects are prospected, with a view to providing references for future in-depth research and practical applications.