Microbial electrosynthesis (MES) provides a sustainable biochemical transformation path for the reduction of carbon dioxide to acetate and other multi carbon substances. Using electric energy to drive microorganisms to fix CO2 has the characteristics of easy raw materials, mild operating conditions, no toxic substances and environmental sustainability, which brings new opportunities for global carbon neutralization and carbon emission reduction. Under the in-depth study of researchers on improving yield, conversion efficiency and carbon chain extension, based on the selection and modification of electrode materials, the domestication of flora and the limitation of operating conditions, the maximum yield of acetic acid was 1330g / (m2 ? d). The C2-C4 products and medium chain fatty acids with longer carbon chain were produced by catalytic conversion of C1 waste gas and coupled secondary fermentation. On the basis of summarizing the molecular mechanism of cathodic electroactive microorganisms absorbing extracellular electrons, capturing and transforming CO2, the metabolic principle of synthetic organic acids, the application status of two-dimensional and three-dimensional electrode materials, and the methods to improve product yield, product and carbon chain extension are reviewed, and the research direction of MES in the future is prospected.