Carbon materials possess excellent conductivity, chemical stability, and high surface area, which facilitate effective charge storage and release. They also provide good cycle stability and energy storage capabilities. However, pure carbon materials suffer from limitations in energy storage capacity due to poor surface wettability, uniform charge distribution, and a lack of active sites. These limitations have restricted their applications in energy, catalysis, and other fields. The doping of heteroatoms has great potential for enhancing the energy storage properties of carbon materials. The co-doping of N and B can create a unique electronic structure that greatly improves the catalytic properties of carbon materials. This allows N and B co-doped carbon materials to be widely used in applications such as sensors, energy storage, electrocatalysis, and hydrogen storage. This article summarizes the synthesis strategies for preparing N and B co-doped carbon materials and their applications in energy storage (batteries and capacitors). This provides opportunities for exploring new energy materials and efficient storage materials, opening up broader avenues for the development of more high-performance doped materials.