Calcium-based material has been considered as a most promising high-temperature carbon capture material due to its high carbon dioxide absorption capacity, simple preparation process, and calcium cycling characteristics. Using calcium-based solid wastes as or constructing calcium-based adsorbents can not only save natural resources, but also achieve the utilization of industrial solid wastes, which is accordant with environmental protection concepts of “treating waste with waste and treating pollution with waste”. Firstly, the theoretical carbon sequestration potential of six common industrial calcium-based solid wastes was analyzed using Huntzinger and thermodynamics. Secondly, the methods for direct carbonization of these waste residues and the preparation of derived calcium-based adsorbents, as well as the existing problems and improvement directions, were classified and summarized. Various methods and mechanisms for improving the uptake capacity of calcium-based adsorbents were also summarized. Finally, the essence of calcium cycling was explained from the perspectives of gas diffusion, ion migration, and adsorbent’ structure stability. It was pointed out that oxygen vacancies and hollow sphere structures have great potential in improving adsorption performance, and the problems and improvement directions faced by industrial calcium-based solid waste in industrial application were pointed out.