CO2 reduction and conversion are the most attractive alternative to mitigate the greenhouse effect. However, the traditional CO2 reduction technologies had high energy consumption and low efficiency. Bioelectrocatalysis is a new green and efficient catalytic CO2 reduction technology emerging in recent years, which combines the advantages of biological enzymtic catalysis and electrocatalysis, can efficiently realize the conversion of chemical energy and electric energy, improve the efficiency of electron transfer in redox reaction, and provide a potential solution for alleviating the greenhouse effect and producing value-added fine chemicals. In this paper, the characteristics and four-stage development of bioelectrocatalysis technology are briefly described. Then, the types of electrode materials for bioelectrocatalysis (including carbon felt, graphite rods, etc.), the selection of electrocatalysts (especially biocatalytics including enzymes and microbial cells), cofactors (such as natural cofactors reduced coenzyme I and artificial cofactors, etc.) and reduction products (formic acid, methane, methanol, acetic acid, etc.) are systematically summarized. Finally, the feasible research directions of CO2 reduction in the future are prospeced, including the development of novel materials that can adsorb CO2 and immobilize microbial cells with enzyme or CO2 reduction activity. To improve the efficiency of bioelectrocatalysis, the design of electrode materials and reaction system was optimized. Fully integrate the latest technologies in metabolic engineering and systems biology.