Global warming caused by excessive CO2 emissions has become a primary issue in the environmental crisis, and hence it is imperative to achieve the strategic objectives of peak carbon dioxide emissions and carbon neutrality proposed by our nations. To solve this problem, a variety of CO2 capture and storage technologies have been adopted by numerous scientific researchers. This article focuses on major CO2 adsorbents, such as carbon-based materials, zeolites, metal organic framework materials, hydrotalcite materials, metal oxides and supporting amine-based materials, etc. Moreover, the latest research progress of CO2 adsorbents, including the adsorption mechanism, performance advantages and disadvantages, directions of improvement and current challenges, has been introduced in detail, and prospects for future development of the adsorption materials have been provided.