A kind of mesoporous niobium phosphate (m-NbP) solid acid catalyst was successfully synthesized via convenient hydrothermal method. The obtained catalyst was characterized by X-ray diffraction (XRD), Nitrogen adsorption-desorption, Scanning electron microscopy (SEM), Transmission electron microscopy (TEM), Temperature-programmed desorption of ammonia (NH3-TPD) and Infrared spectra of pyridine adsorption (Py-FTIR) etc in order to elucidate its structural and acidic properties. The one-pot conversion of glucose to 5-hydroxymethylfurural (5-HMF) in a biphasic water/DMSO medium was also investigated over the m-NbP catalyst. The catalyst dosage, volume ratio of water to DMSO, reaction temperature, reaction time, catalyst recyclability, comparison of catalytic performance with other three catalysts (Amberlyst-15, Nb2O5 and m-NbP-F127) etc were studied in detail. The results indicated that the catalyst exhibited the promising catalytic performance for 5-HMF production probably assigned to the porous structure and the adequate strong acid sites. The 5-HMF yield could be obtained as high as 47.0% at 170 ℃ within 1.5 h when the mass ratio of glucose to m-NbP and volume ratio of water to DMSO was 2:1 and 5:5 respectively. Noticeably, the m-NbP catalyst could be recycled up to 6 times without any obvious deactivation after high-temperature calcination-regeneration. This work was the continue efforts for the development of efficient solid catalyst for excellent conversion of one-pot glucose to 5-HMF.