A novel method for obtaining cotton linters cellulose sulfonate and carboxylate (CLCSC) using cotton linters cellulose, sulfamic acid, and succinic anhydride by a one-pot synthesis has been developed. The structure of CLCSC was determined by IR and 13CNMR. The molecular weight was measured by GPC (Mw = 2.29× 103 to 1.94× 104). The effect of pH on the solution viscosity was studied. Experimental results showed that the substitution degree up to 0.92. The samples with different DS exhibited good and low viscosity stability from pH 2 to 12. When the proportion of the cement water-reducing agent is 1%, the water reducing ratio can reach 28.5%. The results of application of CLCSC in concrete also indicate that CLCSC can improve the strength of concrete. Thus, CLCSC has the potential to be developed as high-range water-reducing agent.