One-dimensional materials of ZnO and MoO3 nanowires (NWs) were prepared via hydrothermal method. The morphology and structure of nanowires were characterized by SEM and XRD. ZnO/MoO3/Al(OH)3/PP composites (NWs/ATH/PP) were prepared by melt blending one-dimensional nanowires and nano-aluminum hydroxide (ATH) with polypropylene (PP). The thermal stability and combustion properties of the composites were characterized by thermogravimetric analyzer (TGA), limiting oxygen index (LOI) analyzer and cone calorimeter (CCT). The mechanical properties of the composites were tested by universal testing machine. The results showed that when the adding amounts of ZnO nanowires, MoO3 nanowires and nano-ATH were 3.75%, 3.25% and 21% (mass fraction), respectively, the initial decomposition temperature of NWs/ATH/PP composites was 17.8 °C higher than that of pure PP, and the residual weight is 24.6%. And the peak heat release rate (PHRR) and total heat release (THR) were decreased by 54.3% and 25.7%, respectively, and the LOI was increased by 7.1%. The results of SEM analysis showed that the surface of carbon residue of NWs/ATH/PP was well improved, dense, continuous and flat.