The encapsulated spherical activated carbon was prepared with polyvinyl butyral (PVB) under different PVB solution mass fraction and molecular weight. Then the adsorption performance of encapsulated spherical activated carbon was investigated in blood simulation system consisting of creatinine, VB12 and lysozyme. The single component and differential binary component adsorptions processes were analyzed by using adsorption kinetics and adsorption isotherms. The structure and morphology of encapsulated spherical activated carbon were characterized by SEM, BET, mercury intrusion porosimetry and FTIR. The results showed that the adsorption mechanism of activated carbon before and after encapsulating were chemical adsorption. PVB mass fraction was the factor which had the greatest influence on the adsorption amount and the adsorption rate. Adsorption decreased significantly with the increase of the mass fraction. The molecular weight of PVB had minor effect, but it was of great significance in enhancing the hydrophilic effect on the carbon surface. In the binary component system, lysozyme had a significant competitive adsorption effect on VB12, up to 30% adsorption strength of VB12. In another system consisting of creatinine and lysozyme, the adsorption strength of both components were below 8% and the competitive adsorption phenomenon was not obvious.