In recent years, plant-based biomass resources have become a research hotspot due to their wide range of sources, renewable, biodegradable and so on. The preparation or modification of polymers can further alleviate the petrochemical resource crisis and improve the environmental adaptability of polymer materials; meanwhile, the active functional groups and hydrogen bonds are rich in its molecular structure, it has attracted much attention for its application in the preparation and modification of self-healing materials. In this paper, taking cellulose and lignin as examples, the application of plant matrix resources in self-repairing materials in recent years are reviewed, and their natural characteristics and their important roles in the preparation of self-healing materials are introduced in detail. In addition, the application principles of dynamic chemical bonds such as Diels-Alder reaction, sulfur—sulfur bond and hydrogen bond in self-healing materials are discussed in detail from the point of view of molecular structure. Finally, the main challenges and potential solutions for the preparation of plant-based self-repairing material resources by polymer engineering are put forward, and the research direction of the application of plant biomass materials in non-repair materials is prospected.