The goal of this work is to create a fibrous membrane with high efficiency filtering and formaldehyde oxidation properties. Sol-gel and hydrothermal techniques were used to make titania (TiO2) and γ type manganese dioxide (γ-MnO2), respectively. Electrospinning was used to make thermoplastic polyurethane (TPU) composite nanofibers with different doping amount of TiO2 andγ-MnO2. The morphology, structure, and oxidation performance of the composite fiber membranes were studied using SEM, TEM, XRD, Physical adsorption and desorption instrument, FTIR and UV-vis. In a self-built air simulation experimental system, the filtration and formaldehyde removal effects of the composite fiber membranes were investigated. The results demonstrated that the composite membrane containing 8% TiO2 andγ-MnO2 nanoparticles had the best oxidation activity at 40 °C, with formaldehyde conversion reaching 90%. The oxidation of formaldehyde could be efficiently catalyzed by a fiber composite membrane loaded with a modest amount of oxide under low temperature air filtration.