Microbial fuel cell (MFC) is a promising environment-friendly electrochemical device, which can extract energy from wastewater by using electricigens and degrade organic matter in wastewater. It is an important technology to solve the current environmental and energy crisis. However, the relatively low efficiency of electricity generation limits its large-scale application, which is mainly reflected in the slow extracellular electron transfer rate of the anode and the small amount of electricigens attachment. Nanofibers are important materials for improving anodes due to their high specific surface area, good electrochemical performance and electrical conductivity. In this paper, the factors affecting the performance of anode materials are introduced, and the types and preparation methods of nanofiber anode materials at home and abroad in recent years are systematically summarized. In view of the research status of nanofiber anode materials in the field of MFC, the advantages and disadvantages of various nanofiber materials are mainly explained. Finally, the development direction of nanofibers and MFC technology is prospected, in order to provide theoretical reference for promoting the engineering application of MFC.