Polyurethane materials are considered ideal self-healing materials due to their inherent hydrogen bonding structure. Researchers have found that introducing supramolecular chemistry into polyurethane can result in even better self-healing materials with superior performance. These supramolecular-based self-healing polyurethane materials can recover most of their physical and chemical properties after being damaged, demonstrating excellent performance. This article reviews recent advances in supramolecular-based self-healing polyurethane materials from different healing mechanisms, including widely used hydrogen bonding systems, aromatic π-π stacking systems, ion-crosslinked polymer systems with ionic side chains that form interlocking points, metal-ligand interaction systems that crosslink materials through coordination of metal ions and ligands, and host-guest interaction systems where macrocyclic molecules interact with specific sized molecules. Finally, the future development advantages of self-healing polyurethane are discussed.