As a natural material, leather is easy to breed colonies or mold during storage, which impacts human health. Recently, antibacterial nanomaterials have been widely used in leather processing because of their excellent heat resistance, high stability, large specific surface area, and high reactivity. Based on this, the types, characteristics, and preparation methods of antibacterial nanomaterials were summarized in this paper. Then, the antibacterial mechanism of antibacterial nanomaterials was described, and the application of antibacterial nanomaterials as fatliquoring agents, tanning agents, and finishing materials in the leather industry was discussed in detail. Finally, the problems existing in the current stage of antibacterial nanomaterials in the process of leather processing and the future research direction were analyzed and prospected, to providing theoretical and practical guidance for promoting the promotion and application of new materials in the leather industry.