The biological carbon (COSBC) was prepared with camellia oleifera shell (COS) as raw material.and it was uniformly dispersed into sodium alginate gel solution to form a mixed gel solution. The composite calcium alginate gel microspheres (CA/COSBC) were prepared with ball drop method through the mixed gel solution as matrix precursor dripping into CaCl2 solution for cross-linking action between Ca2+ and sodium alginate. The results indicated that the optimum conditions for the preparation of CA/COSBC microspheres were as follows: the mass ratio of sodium alginate (2%) to COSBC was 4 : 1, 2 % CaCl2 as coagulation bath, and the curing time was 60 min. The morphological structure of CA/COSBC was characterized by SEM and FTIR spectrum. The effects of CA/COSBC dosage, solution pH and temperature, initial concentration of Pb(II), and adsorption time on the adsorption effect of Pb(II) in wastewater were investigated in detail, and the thermodynamic and kinetic behavior of CA/COSBC adsorption for Pb(II) were explored. The results showed that the removal rate of Pb (II) in wastewater was as high as 72.81 % under the conditions of room temperature, pH 5 and 250 mg/L Pb (II) solution, adsorbent dosage of 0.77 g/L and contact time 4 h. The adsorption capacity of CA/COSBC for Pb (II) was 236.4 mg/g. The adsorption process was spontaneous and conformed to the Freundlich thermodynamic model and the pseudo-second-order kinetic model. The results showed that the chemical adsorption of the multi-molecular layer played a dominant role. In addition, intraparticle diffusion is not the only factor controlling the adsorption process, and surface adsorption and boundary layer diffusion can also affect it.