Electromagnetic shielding collagen fiber/polyvinyl alcohol carbon aerogel was prepared by freeze-drying and high temperature carbonization using collagen fiber and polyvinyl alcohol obtained by hydrolysis of waste leather. The structures of collagen fiber/polyvinyl alcohol carbon aerogel were characterized by SEM XRD and Raman. The results show that the collagen fiber carbon aerogel has a porous network structure, and due to high temperature carbonization, the collagen fiber carbon aerogel appears graphitization. The effects of carbonization temperature on graphitization degree and electromagnetic shielding properties of carbon aerogel of collagen fiber were investigated. The results show that when the carbonization temperature is 800 ℃, the graphitization degree of collagen fibe carbon aerogel is the highest, and the total electromagnetic shielding performance reaches 60 dB. The wave absorption performance of collagen fiber carbon aerogel at carbonization temperature of 800 ℃ is analyzed. The results show that the maximum reflection loss of collagen fiber/PVA carbon aerogel can reach -28 dB, the effective absorption bandwidth is 4.2 GHz, and the peak attenuation constant of electromagnetic wave can reach 386, which has excellent electromagnetic shielding and wave absorption performance.