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·1456· 精细化工 FINE CHEMICALS
超临界 CO 2 流体状态下，可以较容易地与蛋白质纤
维发生加成反应实现固色，且不会引起纤维损伤；
但纤维素纤维超临界 CO 2 流体染色时，生成的纤维
素-乙烯砜键不稳定，会发生水解反应，从而导致棉
纤维水洗牢度较差，耐光牢度也较低
用卤代乙酰氨基活性分散染料进行天然纤维超临界
CO 2 流体染色，K/S 可以达到 14 以上，并呈现较好
的耐水洗沾色牢度和耐摩擦色牢度，但染色纤维耐
水洗变色牢度较低，仅能达到 3 级左右。
5 展望
2016 年，中国在纺织工业发展规划（2016~2020
年）中明确提出推广先进无水少水加工技术目标，
以促进纺织工业转型升级，创造竞争新优势。超临
界 CO 2 流体染色技术无污染、零排放，实现了染色
过程的清洁化生产，提升了印染行业的可持续发展
能力，经济效益和社会效益显著，并显示出了明显
的产业化前景。经过科技工作者的多年努力探索研
究，中国在超临界 CO 2 流体染色研究开发上取得了
巨大进步，为了继续保持中国在该项技术产业化研
究与应用中的领先地位，除了多学科协同推进该技
术进一步发展外，尚需在以下几个方面展开科研攻关：
（1）超临界 CO 2 流体染色专用商品化染料体
系。基于相似相溶原理从传统商品染料中筛选出适
宜于超临界 CO 2 流体染色的染料结构；并依此开发
新型染料结构合成修饰技术，研制适宜于微酸性超
临界 CO 2 流体染色的专用分散染料和活性分散染料
结构，建立无水染色专用商品化染料体系。
（2）超临界 CO 2 流体染色装备工业放大设计。
由于技术保密及知识产权保护，国际上有关超临界
CO 2 流体染色产业化装置的研究数据仍较少，创新
设计染色釜、染料釜、分离器等关键设备，扩展计
算机软件在超临界 CO 2 流体染色装置模拟仿真中的
应用，实现产业化生产中流体输送增压过程、流体
升温过程、染色循环过程、分离回收过程强化，有
效保障超临界流体染色整套装备的工业放大。
（3）超临界 CO 2 流体染色工艺放大效应。构建
超临界 CO 2 /染料二元平衡体系及超临界 CO 2 /染料/
纤维三元体系相平衡模型；基于染色温度、压力、
时间、流体流量对纤维染色性能的影响原理，系统
开展超临界 CO 2 流体染色拼色技术研究，建立实验
规模到产业化染色工艺的放大效应关系，从而实现
色谱齐全的超临界 CO 2 流体染色加工。
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